Showing posts with label 经济与金融. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 经济与金融. Show all posts

Thursday, April 4, 2013

货币信用的相对性

某人信用好,不代表他一定会对你信用好。

假设马云和路人甲各借了你10万块,你一年赚10万,两年才能还清债务,你一定会选择一个先还,而另一个后还。你对先还的那个的信用就更好。假设你生意亏本了,只剩10万,你可以各还5万,然后跑路;但更好的做法是,选择其中一个还,而另一个不还——这时不同的人就会有不同的选择:有人会选择还马云,也有人会选择还路人甲。

不管怎么样,你的信用对马云和路人甲来说,肯定是不一样的。所以不要盲信品牌、不要盲信某个人或企业有信用,他/它就一定会对你有信用。比如银行,不管是大到中国银行还是小到地方私营银行,他们对大储户的信用和对小储户的信用肯定是不一样的。

同样道理也适用于货币。货币的背后是其发行者的信用,一般是某个政府。价值稳定与否、保值性如何并不是单纯地看你持有哪国货币——即不只是看这个政府的信用如何。更为重要的是,要看你是什么人,是谁在持有这些货币。美国政府信用好,但不一定对你的信用好。

货币信用如何,要看你是在哪个货币区持有哪个货币。

所谓货币区,是指某一货币可以直接兑换商品的区域。如人民币区,就是可以用人民币直接兑换商品的区域,如中国大陆。人民币不能在美国直接兑换商品,而必须先兑换成美元才能购买商品,所以美国不是人民币区。

同样是持有美元,在人民币区持美元,和在美元区持美元,是两个概念。

同样是持有人民币,在美元区持人民币,和在人民币区持人民币,也是两个概念。

其中,最难保值的,就是在人民币区持人民币。信用货币保不保值,要看是谁对谁的信用。

  1. 美元区持美元 = 美国政府(美联储)对美国民众的信用
  2. 人民币区(或其他非美元区)持美元 = 美国政府对他国民众的信用
  3. 美元区(或其他非人民币区)持人民币 = 中国政府(中国人民银行)对他国民众的信用
  4. 人民币区持人民币 = 中国政府对中国民众的信用

造成不同货币区的同一货币价值差别的原因是多方面的。其根本原因在于,同一货币在不同货币区所能购买的商品是不一样的。例如,某些国家持有大量美元,却买不到美国的尖端武器和产品,其手中的美元,价值就必然不如美国本土企业或军方所持有的美元。根据Google首页的一些美元通胀计算器可以算出来,在美国国内,1980年的100美元,大约相当于2012年的275美元。对美国民众来说,美元可说是真正的黄金货币。这样的货币保值性在其他国家是不可想象的,尤其是人民币区的人民币。

Wednesday, January 16, 2013

国外的理财产品和投资(基金、债券)市场到底怎么样?

国内其实没有什么可以投资的项目,国内银行往好里想,是拿你的钱放高利贷。

外资银行,是没有什么人民币产品的。其实当前主要是购买国际上的基金 unit trust。4%-5%的产品大把的是,过去一年升值10-20%也很多。但是你要用外币去买。你可以去 HSBC HK fundexpress 查看各类别的收益。

如果你理解unit trust的运作,就是4-5级别的风险等级也不可怕。关键是你是否理解 Prospectus 和 Fact Sheet? 你是否理解 Sharpe / Alpha / Beta 分别意味着什么?

如果做得亏本,一个当然是碰上了2008, 另一个就是用人民币买,无论涨跌都会亏。

假定我们把范围限定于 unit trust 国外基金。

1 大致分有分成和没有分成;有分成的,本金一般增值很慢,但是你如果把分成也看作收益的一部分,其实也是回报对吧。分成 多在4-6%之间,6-8之间的也有一些;而且不是分成高,就风险高。

2 本金,过去5年 08年基本都是负30-40%,09年正 30%-40%,10年增长,11年 -15%,12年增长。如果你 07 年买进,国内买外资行多在06 - 07,特别是07,买的是不分成,你当然感觉很差。如果你买有分成,只要你不卖出,期间本金固然跌了,但是分成一样有。当然有些分成会减少,有些不变。即使在07买进,大部分现在本金也在142%-300%之间。如果有分成,总回报更高。

3 人民币问题,由于有QDII平台,你可以用人民币买,看上去很不错的,对吧。那么,如果人民币升值,你的产品终究还是美元的(只不过让你用人民币买),你回收的本金就变少。(同样的美金,换回更少的人民币)反之,如果人民币贬值,你最后持有的就是差的货币,所以你已经亏了。(因为你既然用人民币买,赎回后一定也是人民币)不考虑基金本身表现,上面两种你都亏,只有人民币基本不动,你才有赚(如果基金升的话)。

4 还有很多亏掉的人,买的是结构性产品;大市一跌,死得很惨。和前面说的基金不是一回事。

5 去掉08年数据(历史低点),基本就是10年3倍。

6 国外基金固然是长期持有,但是是否1-3年检讨一次,卖出一些,这个就是另一个问题。

7 分成和累计产品,如何持有,也是要看你对资金、回报怎么看,也是一个值得思考的问题。

Tuesday, November 22, 2011

为什么刚需是虚伪的?为什么不可能人人有其房?

有位同学在BBS上发了一篇贴子,内容如下:

房子只是人的消费品之一,逃不出经济和市场调控的大规律。有一点必须坚信,房价不可能只涨不降,因为没有哪件商品只涨不降,但也不可能暴跌,不会也不应该跌破它实际的价值,包括地价、建造材料价加上税。

房子不像电子产品,比如十年前的一部座机电话要几千块,而现在爱疯才卖几千块,虽然它们可以算是他们那个时代最先进的通讯工具,是科技在进步。但房子的高科技含量没那么高,它本该值多少钱就值多少钱,刚需是重要,但房子也不断地在造不是么?事实是很多有先见之明的人已经通过房地产狠赚了一笔甚至几笔。人口高速增长的时代缓慢过去了,房子,会回归到它的理性水平的。

作为刚需人群,我是希望房价低到我认为合理的价位才会买,但是什么样的是合理的。我们,有时候必须为这个社会的发展成本买单。不是你,就是我。

心平气和,多提高自己的能力多赚钱多往高处爬才是王道,到时候你不会为这几十万的房价闹心,挥手就是一套,多爽!!

下面是我的回应:

关键是什么叫理性水平?现在是不是理性水平?如果不是,为什么不是?那多少才是?谁来定呢?该值多少钱就值多少。。这话等于没说,那到底该值多少钱呢?

房子的本质是土地。土地是最没科技含量的东西了,而且不可再生,这样一种东西该值多少钱呢?不要说土地其实很多,农村大片大片的土地,中国2/3的山地,但你们不是不愿意去么。好土地/地段永远都是稀缺的,这点没得跑。你又不想多花钱,还想拥有好地段。。。这个就说不过去了。

现在好多刚需可虚伪,老觉得先买房的、多买房的抬高了房价,剥削了他们,对他们不公平。口口声声说他们是刚需,而房子造出来是住的,应该只具备消费属性,不应该具备投资属性拿来炒。既然你只要消费属性,你租就是了,何必买呢?结果还是眼红房价上涨,在亲戚、朋友、丈母娘面前要面子,觉得“必须”有一套自己的房子——这已经不是消费需求了,你们想要的还是资产,而不是住处。

然后有刚需就嚷嚷,你是人,我也是人,富人是人,穷人也是人,凭什么你们就能有资产,而我们不能有?!这个问题,别说家宝,就是一百个镕基都解决不了,绝对的公平是不可能存在的,也是不经济的。最完美的情况,人类的财富分配不可能也不能平均,而应该和每个人对社会的贡献成正比。有的人生来聪明过人,有的坚毅过人,有的美丽过人,有的口才过人。。。这些都造成了最后财富分配不均。这是绝对正常的,人类社会要前进,也是绝对必要的。

所以有的人有房,有的人没房,这再正常不过了,这就是理性。

为什么信用货币的通货膨胀几乎不可避免?

信用货币时代,只要货币发行机制不改,货币必然会持续增加。社会有用物品的积累很难跟上货币的积累。可交易的有用物品更难跟的上交易资金的增长。钱可以全部拿出来买东西,但并不是所有东西都可以拿来卖。一单位钱可以流动无数次,但物品特别是消费品肯定会有沉淀或损失,同一物品可交易部分极有可能会减少。

货币的流动性本质上远大于物品的流动性,也就是说,如果货币供应量没有收缩,流动性泛滥几乎是必然的。即使收缩,在个别商品门类上,还是会出现流动性泛滥。货币供应量收缩可能也意味着个人收入的降低,除非人口总量减少,而生产效率提高。

Wednesday, January 26, 2011

The excellent company and industry must match the reasonable price

Buy a share just like buy a company, which is the investment theory what we always follow. But generally the opposite is true when you get the investment practice. We are intent on the increase overly, especially the rapid growth in short term and do not care about the unbelievable high cost. We are intent on the share capital expansion but do not care about the real return the investor made. We are intent on the new shares operation but it will set the scene for the risk of long term hung up.

What can we get from the long investment? We find the answer in one book:

The company and industry which can bring the real high returns to the long term investors must have the relatively high share interest, over expect increase and the reasonable price. The excellent company or the high growth industry might fall down unless they match the reasonable price in long term. To follow these simple and effective theories, Mr. Buffet gets over 26% return from the multi-investment in last fifty years.

We must face the difficult in the stock market to practice the investment by the long-term strategy. You are not only to be asked to have the full patient and the faith also needs the professional investment strategy and the sensitive in this market.

Deliver the complicated investment to fund

Investing is easy. Facing the market fluctuations, make an average heart, with the full confidences, patients and sense, you will certainly get great reward if you found out and already invested those excellent companies.

However, investment is also complicated. Facing the more open market and more selectable subjects, the investment operation becomes more and more complicated. That means, the investment become more and more professional.

We can form a hypothesis, that the investment action is commandments. We must spent more and more energy and time on the study and research to get more return. Well, let the fund take over the complicated investment so we can enjoy our life.

Friday, January 14, 2011

What is a mutual fund?

As a professionally operated type of massive investment pattern, a mutual fund absorbs money from various investors and its investing area is mainly the securities covering stocks, bonds, short-term money market instruments, other mutual funds, other securities, and/or commodities such as precious metals. Determined by the investment objective, the fund’s investments will be traded by its specialized fund manager. In the States, if a fund gains profits, almost all the net income and the earnings of selling any securities must be distributed to the investors at least on a yearly basis according to the compulsive regularities of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under both SEC and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) with which the fund has been registered. The fund is managed by its investment adviser and other service organizations and vendors, but the best interests of the fund's investors will be guaranteed with supervision of a board of directors or trustees (if the U.S. fund is organized as a trust as they commonly are).

Wednesday, January 12, 2011

What is Depression and What are Its Symptoms and Types?

How many times have you heard people saying that they are feeling depressed? In fact, you must have said it yourself a number of times. It’s fairly common to speak like this in a world which is becoming so fast paced. The fascinating thing is that most people are not aware of what depression actually is.

Depression, or clinical depression, is a condition that can make living a miserable experience for those who have it. It is common to see people calling it by different names, including biological depression, depression, major depression, depressive syndromes, and of course “the blues”. Whatever you call it, it always refers to a feeling of being depressed or sad for several days, weeks, months or even years on end. It is almost always accompanied by having no energy, feelings of hopelessness, keeping you from enjoying the activities that you have always loved doing in the past and also social isolation.

Here, it is crucial to mention that depressive disorders come in different forms and they are characterized by different symptoms. The most common of them all is major depression. There are many symptoms appearing in this category such as feelings of sadness or being constantly anxious. Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and helplessness, loss of interest in hobbies, decreased energy, difficulty remembering and concentrating and lack of motivation to name a few.

Dysthymia is another type of depressive disorder, though a less severe one. Here, you experience some chronic symptoms that don’t disable you like major depression but keep you from feeling good. It is worth mentioning that it may also lead to major depression.

Bipolar depressive is the third type, which is also known as maniac-depressive illness. This is not as common and is characterized by severe mood swings. Usual irritability, grandiose notions, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, increased talking and poor judgment.

If you start experiencing any of these symptoms, it is essential to get in touch with your physician or GP and determine if your symptoms have anything to do with a type of depressive disorder. The earlier you consult with a physician, the better it is for your mental health in the long run.

Learn more about how to live a healthy life.

Monday, January 10, 2011

价差=信息差

自由竞争和平等交易永远都是梦想。

交换总是等价的,但几乎总是不平等的。

Thursday, February 11, 2010

落后的自由市场宏微观经济学

当我们还在为自由经济的进步欢呼雀跃的时候,美国对市场的领悟与掌控能力已经超越我们一百年了。当我们还以为通胀是必然,汇率仅仅是收支平衡工具的时候,美国早已经把它们当成武器来剥削我们了。美国向中国输出的陈旧落后的经济知识与理论被我们奉为至宝,其实使我们自发地沦为其掌控全球经济的一颗棋子。我们迷信自由经济,其实最不自由的经济就是美国的经济,以及美国眼中的全球市场。美国的每一个国内、国际经济策略都在为其政治目的服务。从最早的日本,到后来的东南亚包括亚洲四小龙和越南等等,无一不是被美国一步一步设计的圈套套牢,二十年不得翻身,永远地成为其经济附庸。

现在,山姆大叔瞄准了中国!美国强大的金融攻势频频出招,可我们还不知道他的目的是什么!

Tuesday, September 1, 2009

占有的不是利益,而是成本

占有一样东西,我们从此要盘算它,关心它,保护它不受其他人的占有。时间长了,这些都是极大的隐性成本。为了保存既得利益,我们害怕创新并开始勾心斗角。人生消耗在这些蝇头小利上,我们却还沾沾自喜。